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                    <h1><a name="t0"></a><a name="t0"></a><a id="Git_0"></a>Git学习笔记（超详细入门总结教程）</h1> 
<pre class="prettyprint"><code class="has-numbering" onclick="mdcp.signin(event)" style="position: unset;">本文是根据廖雪峰的教程整理而成的个人笔记，仅供学习参考之用，在此万分感谢！
<div class="hljs-button signin" data-title="登录后复制" data-report-click="{&quot;spm&quot;:&quot;1001.2101.3001.4259&quot;}"></div></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style=""><li style="color: rgb(153, 153, 153);">1</li></ul></pre> 
<p></p>
<div class="toc">
 <h3><a name="t1"></a><a name="t1"></a>文章目录</h3>
 <ul><li><a href="https://blog.csdn.net/ft_sunshine/article/details/87010772#Git_0" target="_self">Git学习笔记（超详细入门总结教程）</a></li><li><ul><li><a href="https://blog.csdn.net/ft_sunshine/article/details/87010772#1__4" target="_self">1 版本库与文件操作</a></li><li><ul><li><a href="https://blog.csdn.net/ft_sunshine/article/details/87010772#11__5" target="_self">1.1 创建版本库</a></li><li><a href="https://blog.csdn.net/ft_sunshine/article/details/87010772#12_Git_10" target="_self">1.2 添加文件到Git仓库</a></li><li><ul><li><a href="https://blog.csdn.net/ft_sunshine/article/details/87010772#121__15" target="_self">1.2.1 查看仓库状态</a></li><li><a href="https://blog.csdn.net/ft_sunshine/article/details/87010772#122__23" target="_self">1.2.2 查看修改内容</a></li><li><a href="https://blog.csdn.net/ft_sunshine/article/details/87010772#123__27" target="_self">1.2.3 提交修改</a></li></ul>
    </li><li><a href="https://blog.csdn.net/ft_sunshine/article/details/87010772#13__31" target="_self">1.3 版本回退</a></li><li><a href="https://blog.csdn.net/ft_sunshine/article/details/87010772#14__44" target="_self">1.4 工作区和暂存区</a></li><li><a href="https://blog.csdn.net/ft_sunshine/article/details/87010772#15__65" target="_self">1.5 撤销修改</a></li><li><a href="https://blog.csdn.net/ft_sunshine/article/details/87010772#16__87" target="_self">1.6 删除文件</a></li></ul>
   </li><li><a href="https://blog.csdn.net/ft_sunshine/article/details/87010772#2__95" target="_self">2 远程仓库</a></li><li><ul><li><a href="https://blog.csdn.net/ft_sunshine/article/details/87010772#21__109" target="_self">2.1 添加远程库</a></li><li><a href="https://blog.csdn.net/ft_sunshine/article/details/87010772#22__123" target="_self">2.2 从远程库克隆</a></li></ul>
   </li><li><a href="https://blog.csdn.net/ft_sunshine/article/details/87010772#3__129" target="_self">3 分支管理</a></li><li><ul><li><a href="https://blog.csdn.net/ft_sunshine/article/details/87010772#31__133" target="_self">3.1 分支与管理</a></li><li><a href="https://blog.csdn.net/ft_sunshine/article/details/87010772#32__162" target="_self">3.2 解决冲突</a></li><li><a href="https://blog.csdn.net/ft_sunshine/article/details/87010772#33__174" target="_self">3.3 分支管理策略</a></li><li><a href="https://blog.csdn.net/ft_sunshine/article/details/87010772#34_Bug_196" target="_self">3.4 Bug分支</a></li><li><a href="https://blog.csdn.net/ft_sunshine/article/details/87010772#35__215" target="_self">3.5 强制删除</a></li><li><a href="https://blog.csdn.net/ft_sunshine/article/details/87010772#36__219" target="_self">3.6 多人协作</a></li><li><ul><li><a href="https://blog.csdn.net/ft_sunshine/article/details/87010772#361__224" target="_self">3.6.1 推送分支</a></li><li><a href="https://blog.csdn.net/ft_sunshine/article/details/87010772#362__234" target="_self">3.6.2 抓取分支</a></li><li><a href="https://blog.csdn.net/ft_sunshine/article/details/87010772#363__243" target="_self">3.6.3 多人协作的工作模式</a></li><li><a href="https://blog.csdn.net/ft_sunshine/article/details/87010772#364__256" target="_self">3.6.4 小结</a></li></ul>
    </li><li><a href="https://blog.csdn.net/ft_sunshine/article/details/87010772#37_Rebase_271" target="_self">3.7 Rebase</a></li></ul>
   </li><li><a href="https://blog.csdn.net/ft_sunshine/article/details/87010772#4__275" target="_self">4 标签管理</a></li><li><ul><li><a href="https://blog.csdn.net/ft_sunshine/article/details/87010772#41__279" target="_self">4.1 创建标签</a></li><li><a href="https://blog.csdn.net/ft_sunshine/article/details/87010772#42__290" target="_self">4.2 操作标签</a></li></ul>
   </li><li><a href="https://blog.csdn.net/ft_sunshine/article/details/87010772#5__301" target="_self">5 远程仓库的使用</a></li><li><ul><li><a href="https://blog.csdn.net/ft_sunshine/article/details/87010772#51_GitHub_303" target="_self">5.1 使用GitHub</a></li><li><a href="https://blog.csdn.net/ft_sunshine/article/details/87010772#52__313" target="_self">5.2 使用码云</a></li></ul>
   </li><li><a href="https://blog.csdn.net/ft_sunshine/article/details/87010772#6_Git_341" target="_self">6 自定义Git</a></li><li><a href="https://blog.csdn.net/ft_sunshine/article/details/87010772#_348" target="_self">常见问题及解决办法</a></li><li><a href="https://blog.csdn.net/ft_sunshine/article/details/87010772#_370" target="_self">链接</a></li></ul>
 </li></ul>
</div>
<p></p> 
<h2><a name="t2"></a><a name="t2"></a><a id="1__4"></a>1 版本库与文件操作</h2> 
<h3><a name="t3"></a><a name="t3"></a><a id="11__5"></a>1.1 创建版本库</h3> 
<p>什么是版本库呢？<strong>版本库</strong>又名<strong>仓库</strong>，英文名repository，你可以简单理解成一个<strong>目录</strong>，这个目录里面的所有文件都可以被Git管理起来，每个文件的修改、删除，Git都能跟踪，以便任何时刻都可以追踪历史，或者在将来某个时刻可以“还原”。</p> 
<p>首先在GitBash中<code>cd</code>到要创建仓库的位置（或者直接进入相应目录，点鼠标右键然后选择<strong>Git Bash Here</strong>），执行<code>git init</code>，仓库创建成功后会在仓库文件夹中生成 <strong>.git目录</strong> ，这个目录是Git来跟踪管理版本库的 ，千万不要手贱修改。我们创建Git版本库时，Git会自动为我们创建唯一一个<strong>master</strong>分支 .</p> 
<h3><a name="t4"></a><a name="t4"></a><a id="12_Git_10"></a>1.2 添加文件到Git仓库</h3> 
<p>  1. <code>git add &lt;fileName&gt;</code>，将文件放进<strong>暂存区</strong>（<strong>stage</strong>） ，此命令可反复多次使用，也可同时添加多个文件；<br>   2. 使用命令<code>git commit -m &lt;message&gt;</code>，添加到版本库 ，即把<strong>暂存区</strong>的所有内容提交到<strong>当前分支</strong> ，其中<code>&lt;message&gt;</code>是本次提交的描述；</p> 
<h4><a id="121__15"></a>1.2.1 查看仓库状态</h4> 
<p>​ <code>git status</code>命令可以随时掌握<strong>工作区/仓库</strong>当前的状态 （显示有变更的文件），此命令的几种结果如下：</p> 
<p>  1. <em>Changes not staged for commit</em>：文件更改了，但是还未进入暂存区 ，需要<code>add</code>；<br>   2. <em>Changes to be committed</em>：文件已进入暂存区，但还未提交到版本库，需要<code>commit</code>；<br>   3. <em>Untracked files</em>：表示该文件还从来没有被添加进版本库，这是新添加的文件；</p> 
<h4><a id="122__23"></a>1.2.2 查看修改内容</h4> 
<p>  如果<code>git status</code>告诉你有文件被修改过，用<code>git diff</code>可以查看修改内容，语法为：<code>git diff &lt;fileName&gt;</code>，<code>add</code>文件之前最好看一下。（比较文件的不同，即暂存区和工作区的差异。）</p> 
<h4><a id="123__27"></a>1.2.3 提交修改</h4> 
<p>   提交修改和提交新文件是一样的两步 ：<code>add</code>和<code>commit</code>。可以简单理解为，需要提交的文件修改通通放到暂存区，然后，一次性提交暂存区的所有修改。</p> 
<h3><a name="t5"></a><a name="t5"></a><a id="13__31"></a>1.3 版本回退</h3> 
<p>   每当你觉得文件修改到一定程度的时候，就可以“保存一个快照”，这个快照在Git中被称为<code>commit</code>。一旦你把文件改乱了，或者误删了文件，还可以从最近的一个<code>commit</code>恢复，然后继续工作，而不是把几个月的工作成果全部丢失。</p> 
<p>  1. <code>git log</code> 可以查看提交历史记录（即查看版本库的状态 ），显示从最近到最远的提交日志；<code>git log --pretty=oneline</code> 使每个日志单独成行（简化版输出）。</p> 
<p>  2. git中，用<code>HEAD</code>表示<strong>当前版本</strong>（<em>commit id</em> 版本号）。</p> 
<p>  3. 回退到上一个版本：<code>git reset --hard HEAD^</code>，<code>HEAD^</code>表示回退1个版本，<code>HEAD^^</code>表示回退2个版本，<code>HEAD~100</code>表示回退100个版本。<code>HEAD</code>其实是个指向当前版本的指针。</p> 
<p>  4. 返回<strong>过去/未来</strong>的版本：<code>git reset --hard 新版本的commit id</code>。其中“新版本的commit id”可以只写id号的前几位，Git会自动去找。<br>   5. <code>git reflog</code>查看历史每一次命令，可以查看每一次提交时的<code>commit id</code>。</p> 
<h3><a name="t6"></a><a name="t6"></a><a id="14__44"></a>1.4 工作区和暂存区</h3> 
<ul><li><strong>工作区</strong>：就是当前的工作目录。</li><li><strong>版本库</strong>：工作区里面隐藏的<code>.git</code>目录（这个不算工作区）就是Git的版本库。</li></ul> 
<p>  Git的版本库中存了很多东西，其中最重要的就是称为<code>stage</code>（或者称为<code>index</code>）的<strong>暂存区</strong>，还有Git为我们自动创建的第一个分支<code>master</code>，以及指向<code>master</code>的一个指针叫<code>HEAD</code>。</p> 
<p>  <code>git add + git commit</code>：可以理解为把文件修改添加到暂存区，然后一次性提交暂存区的所有内容到当前分支。 如图：</p> 
<p><img src="" alt="工作区和暂存区示意图"></p> 
<p>  注：Git跟踪并管理的是<strong>修改</strong>，而非文件。 <code>git commit</code>只负责把暂存区的修改提交。每次修改，如果不<code>git add</code>到暂存区，那就不会加入到<code>commit</code>中。</p> 
<p>  提交后，用<code>git diff HEAD -- readme.txt</code>命令可以查看<strong>工作区</strong>和<strong>版本库</strong>里面最新版本的区别 。</p> 
<p>补充：</p> 
<blockquote> 
 <p>git diff #是<strong>工作区(work dict)和暂存区(stage)的比较</strong>，比较的是工作区文件与暂存区文件的区别（上次<code>git add</code>后的内容）的区别。</p> 
 <p>git diff --cached #是<strong>暂存区(stage)和分支(master)的比较</strong>，比较的是暂存区的文件与仓库分支里（上次<code>git commit</code>后的内容）的区别 。</p> 
</blockquote> 
<h3><a name="t7"></a><a name="t7"></a><a id="15__65"></a>1.5 撤销修改</h3> 
<p>  <strong>场景1</strong>. 当你改乱了<strong>工作区</strong>某个文件的内容，想直接<strong>丢弃工作区的修改</strong>时，用命令<code>git checkout -- &lt;file&gt;</code>，这里有两种情况：</p> 
<blockquote> 
 <ol><li>若文件自修改后还没有被放到暂存区，现在，撤销修改就回到和<strong>版本库</strong>一模一样的状态；</li><li>若文件已经添加到暂存区后，又作了修改，现在，撤销修改就回到添加到<strong>暂存区</strong>后的状态。</li></ol> 
</blockquote> 
<p>总之，就是让这个文件回到最近一次<code>git commit</code>或<code>git add</code>时的状态。</p> 
<p>  <strong>场景2</strong>. 当你不但改乱了工作区某个文件的内容，还添加到了暂存区时，想丢弃修改，分两步，第一步用命令<code>git reset HEAD &lt;file&gt;</code>，把暂存区的修改撤销掉（unstage），重新放回工作区 ，回到了场景1。第二步按场景1操作，丢弃工作区的修改即可。</p> 
<blockquote> 
 <p>注：<code>git reset</code>命令既可以回退版本，也可以把暂存区的修改回退到工作区。当我们用<code>HEAD</code>时，表示最新的版本。</p> 
</blockquote> 
<p>  <strong>场景3</strong>. 已经提交了不合适的修改到版本库时，想要撤销本次提交，参考<strong>版本回退</strong>那一节，可以回退到上一个版本，不过前提是你还没有把自己的本地版本库推送到远程，否则就JJ了。</p> 
<p><strong>补充：</strong></p> 
<p>Unix/Linux 命令中，<code>-</code> 后一般跟短命令选项（通常是单字母，如<code>-m</code>），<code>--</code> 后一般跟长命令选项。如果只有一个单独的<code>--</code>，后面不紧跟任何选项，则表示命令选项结束，后续的都作为命令的参数而不是选项。例如：</p> 
<p><code>git checkout -- filename</code>（<code>git checkout</code>其实是用版本库里的版本替换工作区的版本，无论工作区是修改还是删除，都可以“一键还原”。）</p> 
<p><code>filename</code>作为<code>git checkout</code> 的参数，而不是选项。</p> 
<h3><a name="t8"></a><a name="t8"></a><a id="16__87"></a>1.6 删除文件</h3> 
<p>  手动删除或者用命令<code>rm &lt;fileName&gt;</code>删除文件后，执行<code>git add/rm &lt;fileName&gt;</code>和<code>git commit-m &lt;message&gt;</code>就可以了。<br>   另一种情况是删错了，因为版本库里还有呢，所以可以很轻松地把误删的文件恢复到最新版本<code>git checkout -- file</code> 。</p> 
<p><code>git checkout</code>其实是用<strong>版本库</strong>里的版本替换<strong>工作区</strong>的版本，无论工作区是修改还是删除，都可以“一键还原”。</p> 
<h2><a name="t9"></a><a name="t9"></a><a id="2__95"></a>2 远程仓库</h2> 
<p>  Git是分布式版本控制系统，同一个Git仓库，可以分布到不同的机器上。 每个人都从“服务器”仓库上克隆一份到自己的电脑上，并且各自把各自的提交推送到服务器仓库里，也从服务器仓库中拉取别人的提交。<br>   本地Git仓库和GitHub仓库之间的传输是通过SSH加密的，所以，需要一点设置：</p> 
<ol><li> <p>创建SSH Key。</p> <pre class="prettyprint"><code class="prism language-bash has-numbering" onclick="mdcp.signin(event)" style="position: unset;">  ssh-keygen -t rsa -C <span class="token string">"youremail@example.com"</span>    <span class="token comment"># 一路回车即可，无需设置密码</span>
<div class="hljs-button signin" data-title="登录后复制" data-report-click="{&quot;spm&quot;:&quot;1001.2101.3001.4259&quot;}"></div></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style=""><li style="color: rgb(153, 153, 153);">1</li></ul></pre> <p>此时可以在用户主目录里找到<code>.ssh</code>目录，里面有<code>id_rsa</code>和<code>id_rsa.pub</code>两个文件，这两个就是SSH Key的<strong>秘钥对</strong>，<code>id_rsa</code>是私钥，不能泄露出去，<code>id_rsa.pub</code>是公钥，可以放心地告诉任何人。</p> </li><li> <p>打开GitHub，在个人主页找到setting，找到<code>SSH and GPG keys</code>，然后，点“New SSH Key”，填上任意Title，在Key文本框里粘贴id_rsa.pub文件的内容，完后确定添即可。 注：GitHub允许你添加多个Key。</p> </li></ol> 
<h3><a name="t10"></a><a name="t10"></a><a id="21__109"></a>2.1 添加远程库</h3> 
<p>  让本地和远程仓库<strong>同步</strong>。在GitHub上新建仓库，此时既可以从这个仓库克隆出新的仓库，也可以把一个已有的本地仓库与之关联，然后，把本地仓库的内容推送到GitHub仓库。</p> 
<ol><li> <p>在本地的<code>learnGit</code>仓库下运行如下命令（先有本地库时，将本地库和远程库关联），此时远程库的名字就是<code>origin</code>。</p> <pre class="prettyprint"><code class="prism language-bash has-numbering" onclick="mdcp.signin(event)" style="position: unset;"> <span class="token function">git</span> remote add origin git@github.com:ft-sunshine/learngit.git      <span class="token comment"># 需改</span>
<div class="hljs-button signin" data-title="登录后复制" data-report-click="{&quot;spm&quot;:&quot;1001.2101.3001.4259&quot;}"></div></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style=""><li style="color: rgb(153, 153, 153);">1</li></ul></pre> </li><li> <p>把本地库的所有内容推送到远程库上 ，实际上是把<strong>当前分支</strong><code>master</code>推送到远程。 由于远程库是空的，我们第一次推送<code>master</code>分支时，加上了<code>-u</code>参数，Git不但会把本地的<code>master</code>分支内容推送到远程新的<code>master</code>分支，还会把本地的<code>master</code>分支和远程的<code>master</code>分支关联起来，在以后的推送或者拉取时就可以简化命令。 （去掉<code>-u</code>）</p> <pre class="prettyprint"><code class="prism language-bash has-numbering" onclick="mdcp.signin(event)" style="position: unset;"><span class="token function">git</span> push -u origin master    <span class="token comment"># 第一次推送</span>
<span class="token function">git</span> push origin master       <span class="token comment"># 本地提交后，如有必要，可推送本地的最新修改。</span>
<div class="hljs-button signin" data-title="登录后复制" data-report-click="{&quot;spm&quot;:&quot;1001.2101.3001.4259&quot;}"></div></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style=""><li style="color: rgb(153, 153, 153);">1</li><li style="color: rgb(153, 153, 153);">2</li></ul></pre> </li></ol> 
<h3><a name="t11"></a><a name="t11"></a><a id="22__123"></a>2.2 从远程库克隆</h3> 
<pre class="prettyprint"><code class="prism language-bash has-numbering" onclick="mdcp.signin(event)" style="position: unset;"><span class="token function">git</span> clone git@github.com:ft-sunhine/gitskills.git
<div class="hljs-button signin" data-title="登录后复制" data-report-click="{&quot;spm&quot;:&quot;1001.2101.3001.4259&quot;}"></div></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style=""><li style="color: rgb(153, 153, 153);">1</li></ul></pre> 
<p>如果有多个人协作开发，那么每个人各自从远程库克隆一份就可以了。</p> 
<h2><a name="t12"></a><a name="t12"></a><a id="3__129"></a>3 分支管理</h2> 
<p>  如果你创建了一个属于你自己的分支，别人看不到，还继续在原来的分支上正常工作，而你在自己的分支上干活，想提交就提交，直到开发完毕后，再一次性合并到原来的分支上，这样，既安全，又不影响别人工作。</p> 
<h3><a name="t13"></a><a name="t13"></a><a id="31__133"></a>3.1 分支与管理</h3> 
<p>每次提交，Git都把它们串成一条<strong>时间线</strong>，这条时间线就是一个<strong>分支</strong>。</p> 
<p>严格来说<code>HEAD</code>并不是指向提交，而是指向<code>master</code>（<code>HEAD</code>指向当前分支），<code>master</code>（当前分支）才是指向提交的（指向当前分支的提交点）。所以，<code>HEAD</code>指向的就是当前分支，其可以确定当前的分支。 这部分还是推荐看下<a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com/wiki/896043488029600/900003767775424">廖雪峰</a>官网的图，更易理解。</p> 
<p><img src="" alt="Git分支图"></p> 
<p><img src="" alt="Git分支图"></p> 
<p>Git鼓励大量使用分支：</p> 
<p>  1. 查看分支：<code>git branch</code></p> 
<p>  2. 创建分支（相当于增加了一个<code>dev</code>指针）：<code>git branch &lt;name&gt;</code> ，切换分支：<code>git checkout &lt;name&gt;</code></p> 
<p>  3. 创建+切换分支：<code>git checkout -b &lt;name&gt;</code></p> 
<p>  4. 合并指定分支到当前分支：<code>git merge &lt;name&gt;</code></p> 
<p>  5. 删除分支：<code>git branch -d &lt;name&gt;</code></p> 
<p>例子如下：</p> 
<ul><li>创建分支dev：<code>git checkout -b dev</code></li><li>在<code>dev</code>分支上进行一通操作</li><li>合并分支 ，先<code>git checkout master</code>切换到主分支，然后执行<code>git merge dev</code>进行合并。然后可以再执行<code>git branch -d dev</code>删除分支</li></ul> 
<h3><a name="t14"></a><a name="t14"></a><a id="32__162"></a>3.2 解决冲突</h3> 
<p>  <strong>合并分支时就可能出现代码冲突，任何合并冲突都必须人去解决。人生不如意之事十之八九，合并分支往往也不是一帆风顺的</strong>。</p> 
<p>  其实<strong>冲突的本质</strong>是：不同的分支修改了代码相同的部分，从而导致合并分支时出现冲突（虽然冲突，但还是会合并，会自动标注出冲突的地方）。所以解决冲突就需要我们把Git<strong>合并失败的文件</strong>进行<strong>手动修复</strong>，改为我们想要的内容再<strong>提交</strong>（<code>add + commit</code>）即可。</p> 
<p><img src="" alt="合并冲突1"></p> 
<p><img src="" alt="合并冲突2"></p> 
<p>  可以用带参数的<code>git log</code>查看分支的合并情况（分支合并图）： <code>git log --graph --pretty=oneline --abbrev-commit</code></p> 
<h3><a name="t15"></a><a name="t15"></a><a id="33__174"></a>3.3 分支管理策略</h3> 
<p>  合并分支时，默认采取的为<code>Fast farword</code>模式，这种合并看不到合并历史，删除分支会丢掉分支信息。</p> 
<p>  禁用<code>Fast farword</code>模式时，合并分支时会产生一个新的<code>commit</code>，这样，从分支历史上就可以看出分支信息。 用<code>git merge --no-ff -m "merge with no-ff" dev</code> 命令合并，其中，<code>--no-ff</code>参数，表示禁用<code>Fast forward</code>模式。 因为本次合并要创建一个新的commit，所以加上<code>-m</code>参数，把commit描述写进去。</p> 
<pre class="prettyprint"><code class="has-numbering" onclick="mdcp.signin(event)" style="position: unset;">$ git log --graph --pretty=oneline --abbrev-commit  // 查看分支历史
*   e1e9c68 (HEAD -&gt; master) merge with no-ff
|\  
| * f52c633 (dev) add merge     //可以看到用--no-ff参数，合并分支时会新创建一次提交
|/  
*   cf810e4 conflict fixed
...
<div class="hljs-button signin" data-title="登录后复制" data-report-click="{&quot;spm&quot;:&quot;1001.2101.3001.4259&quot;}"></div></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style=""><li style="color: rgb(153, 153, 153);">1</li><li style="color: rgb(153, 153, 153);">2</li><li style="color: rgb(153, 153, 153);">3</li><li style="color: rgb(153, 153, 153);">4</li><li style="color: rgb(153, 153, 153);">5</li><li style="color: rgb(153, 153, 153);">6</li><li style="color: rgb(153, 153, 153);">7</li></ul></pre> 
<p>  可以看到，不使用<code>Fast forward</code>模式，merge后就像这样 ：<br> <img src="" alt="合并分支图"></p> 
<p>分支策略（<strong>分支管理原则</strong>）图如下：</p> 
<p><img src="" alt="分支策略"></p> 
<h3><a name="t16"></a><a name="t16"></a><a id="34_Bug_196"></a>3.4 Bug分支</h3> 
<p>  修复bug，每个bug都可以通过一个新的临时分支来修复，修复后，合并分支，然后将临时分支删除。</p> 
<p>假设场景是这样的：A为正在开发的软件</p> 
<ol><li>假设master分支上面发布的是A的1.0版本，dev分支上开发的是A的2.0版本，且暂未开发完成。</li><li>若这时用户反映 1.0版本存在漏洞，则需要从dev切换到master去修复漏洞， 这时按理应该先提交在dev分支上的工作，然后从dev分支切换到master分支去修复漏洞，但这时你在dev分支上的工作只进行了一半，还没法提交。</li><li>此时可以用<code>git stash</code>命令来把当前工作现场（dev分支）“储藏”起来，等以后恢复现场后继续工作。</li><li>切换到master分支，在master分支建立issue-101分支（确定要在哪个分支上修复bug，就从哪个分支新建分支），切换到issue-101分支修复漏洞，修复完成后提交，然后切换到master分支上合并issue-101分支<code>git merge --no-ff -m "merged bug fix 101" issue-101</code>。</li><li>切换回dev分支，<code>git stash list</code>命令看看stash内容，然后<code>git stash pop</code>，恢复的同时把stash内容也删了继续工作。</li></ol> 
<p>注：恢复工作现场的两种方式</p> 
<ol><li>是用<code>git stash apply</code>恢复，但是恢复后，stash内容并不删除，你需要用<code>git stash drop</code>来删除； （你可以多次stash，恢复的时候，先用<code>git stash list</code>查看，然后恢复指定的stash：<code>git stash apply stash@{0}</code>）。</li><li>用<code>git stash pop</code>，恢复的同时把stash内容也删了 。</li></ol> 
<p>那怎么在dev分支上修复同样的bug？Git专门提供了一个<code>git cherry-pick &lt;commit&gt;</code>命令，让我们能复制一个特定的提交到当前分支。</p> 
<h3><a name="t17"></a><a name="t17"></a><a id="35__215"></a>3.5 强制删除</h3> 
<p>  开发一个新feature，最好新建一个分支； 如果要丢弃一个没有被合并过的分支（已提交），可以通过<code>git branch -D &lt;name&gt;</code>强行删除。</p> 
<h3><a name="t18"></a><a name="t18"></a><a id="36__219"></a>3.6 多人协作</h3> 
<p>  因本部分比较重要，所以整理得比较详细，内容略多。</p> 
<p>  当你从远程仓库克隆时，实际上Git自动把本地的<code>master</code>分支（或指定的某分支）和远程的<code>master</code>分支（或指定的某分支）对应起来了，并且，远程仓库的默认名称是<code>origin</code>，用<code>git remote</code>或<code>git remote -v</code>可查看远程库的信息。</p> 
<h4><a id="361__224"></a>3.6.1 推送分支</h4> 
<p>  一般来说，master主分支和dev开发分支，都要时刻与远程库保持同步，所以需要推送。其他分支，比如bug分支和feature分支等，是否需要推动到远程可依具体情况而定。</p> 
<pre class="prettyprint"><code class="prism language-bash has-numbering" onclick="mdcp.signin(event)" style="position: unset;"><span class="token comment"># 推送时，要指定本地分支，这样，Git就会把该分支（的所有提交）推送到远程库对应的远程分支上</span>
<span class="token function">git</span> push origin master  
<span class="token function">git</span> push origin dev
<div class="hljs-button signin" data-title="登录后复制" data-report-click="{&quot;spm&quot;:&quot;1001.2101.3001.4259&quot;}"></div></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style=""><li style="color: rgb(153, 153, 153);">1</li><li style="color: rgb(153, 153, 153);">2</li><li style="color: rgb(153, 153, 153);">3</li></ul></pre> 
<h4><a id="362__234"></a>3.6.2 抓取分支</h4> 
<p>  其他小伙伴用<code>git clone xxx</code>从远程库克隆，默认只会克隆master分支，可用<code>git branch</code>查看。若小伙伴也要在dev分支上开发，则必须创建远程<code>origin</code>的<code>dev</code>分支到本地，用<code>git checkout -b dev origin/dev</code>。完成相关工作后，时不时地把dev分支<code>push</code>到远程，用<code>git push origin dev</code>。</p> 
<p>  若你的小伙伴对dev分支的某个文件做了修改，并且push了dev分支，而碰巧你也对同样的文件作了修改，并试图推送 <code>git push origin dev</code>，这时会推送失败（出现冲突）。此时应先用<code>git pull</code>把最新的提交从<code>origin/dev</code>抓下来，然后，在本地合并，解决冲突，再推送 。</p> 
<p>  这时若直接用<code>git pull</code>会失败（其实这里直接<code>git pull origin dev</code>就行了，其实只需要<code>git clone</code>一次后，就建立了本地仓库和远程仓库的链接，以后只需要指定<code>origin</code>就行了），因为到目前为止还没有指定本地<code>dev</code>分支与远程<code>origin/dev</code>分支的<strong>链接</strong>，应设置<code>dev</code>和<code>origin/dev</code>的链接： <code>git branch --set-upstream-to=origin/dev dev</code>，然后再<code>git pull</code>就成功了（<code>git pull</code>是把远程库某分支最新的提交抓下来，然后与本地某分支自动合并）。但这时<strong>合并</strong>会有冲突，需要手动解决，解决后提交，再<code>git push origin dev</code>即可。</p> 
<h4><a id="363__243"></a>3.6.3 多人协作的工作模式</h4> 
<p>因此，多人协作的工作模式通常是这样：</p> 
<ol><li>首先，可以试图用<code>git push origin &lt;branch-name&gt;</code>推送自己的修改；</li><li>如果推送失败，则因为远程分支比你的本地更新，需要先用<code>git pull</code>试图<strong>合并</strong>；</li><li>如果合并有冲突，则解决冲突，并在本地提交；</li><li>没有冲突或者解决掉冲突后，再用<code>git push origin &lt;branch-name&gt;</code>推送就能成功！</li></ol> 
<p>如果<code>git pull</code>提示<code>no tracking information</code>，则说明本地分支和远程分支的链接关系没有创建，用命令<code>git branch --set-upstream-to &lt;branch-name&gt; origin/&lt;branch-name&gt;</code>。</p> 
<p>这就是多人协作的工作模式，一旦熟悉了，就非常简单。</p> 
<h4><a id="364__256"></a>3.6.4 小结</h4> 
<ul><li>查看远程库信息，使用<code>git remote -v</code>；</li><li>本地新建的分支如果不推送到远程，对其他人就是不可见的；</li><li>从本地推送分支，使用<code>git push origin branch-name</code>，如果推送失败，先用<code>git pull</code>抓取远程的新提交；</li><li>在本地创建和远程分支对应的分支，使用<code>git checkout -b branch-name origin/branch-name</code>，本地和远程分支的名称最好一致；</li><li>建立本地分支和远程分支的关联，使用<code>git branch --set-upstream branch-name origin/branch-name</code>；</li><li>从远程抓取分支，使用<code>git pull</code>，如果有冲突，要先处理冲突</li></ul> 
<p>问题：A:push 文件1.txt，B:push 文件1.txt(显然冲突)，所以先pull，然后手工合并。假如合并过程中，A又push文件1.txt了。等B合并完，push 文件1.txt时，又冲突掉了。感觉这情况很影响工作效率，请问git是否有对这情况有处理机制的？（SVN是有“锁”这概念的）。</p> 
<p>答：无解，找A吵一架，所以说共同开发时，<strong>合作</strong>很重要！</p> 
<h3><a name="t19"></a><a name="t19"></a><a id="37_Rebase_271"></a>3.7 Rebase</h3> 
<p>  没看，貌似只是对强迫症患者而设计的，用处也不是很大，暂时没看。廖雪峰这里写的貌似不是很清楚，评论区推荐了两个教程[网址1][https://git-scm.com/book/zh/v2/Git-%E5%88%86%E6%94%AF-%E5%8F%98%E5%9F%BA]和[网址2][http://gitbook.liuhui998.com/4_2.html]。</p> 
<h2><a name="t20"></a><a name="t20"></a><a id="4__275"></a>4 标签管理</h2> 
<p>  Git的标签是版本库的快照，它就是指向某个commit的指针（跟分支很像对不对？但是分支可以移动，标签不能移动）。总之，tag就是一个让人容易记住的有意义的名字（相比于commit id来说），它跟某个commit绑在一起。</p> 
<h3><a name="t21"></a><a name="t21"></a><a id="41__279"></a>4.1 创建标签</h3> 
<p>  首先，切换到需要打标签的分支上：</p> 
<ul><li>命令<code>git tag &lt;tagname&gt; [commit id]</code>用于新建一个标签，默认标签是打在最新提交的commit上的，也可以指定一个commit id（找到历史提交的commit id：<code>git log --pretty=oneline --abbrev-commit</code>）；</li><li>命令<code>git tag -a &lt;tagname&gt; -m "describe" [commit id]</code>可以指定标签信息；</li><li>命令<code>git tag</code>可以查看所有标签。</li><li>可以用<code>git show &lt;tagname&gt;</code>查看标签信息，</li></ul> 
<p>注意：标签总是和某个commit挂钩。如果这个commit既出现在master分支，又出现在dev分支，那么在这两个分支上都可以看到这个标签。</p> 
<h3><a name="t22"></a><a name="t22"></a><a id="42__290"></a>4.2 操作标签</h3> 
<p>  默认创建的标签都只存储在本地，不会自动推送到远程，所以，打错的标签可以在本地安全删除。 。</p> 
<ul><li>命令<code>git push origin &lt;tagname&gt;</code>可以推送一个本地标签到远程库；</li><li>命令<code>git push origin --tags</code>可以推送全部未推送过的本地标签到远程库；</li><li>命令<code>git tag -d &lt;tagname&gt;</code>可以删除一个本地标签；</li><li>命令<code>git push origin :refs/tags/&lt;tagname&gt;</code>可以删除一个远程标签（先从本地删除）。</li></ul> 
<h2><a name="t23"></a><a name="t23"></a><a id="5__301"></a>5 远程仓库的使用</h2> 
<h3><a name="t24"></a><a name="t24"></a><a id="51_GitHub_303"></a>5.1 使用GitHub</h3> 
<p>  GitHub可以作为免费的远程仓库 ，同时，GitHub是一个开源协作社区，通过GitHub，既可以让别人参与你的开源项目，也可以参与别人的开源项目。</p> 
<p>  若想参与别人的开源项目，首先要点“Fork”在自己的账号下克隆一个仓库，然后，从自己的账号下clone（一定要从自己的账号下clone仓库， 否则无法推送修改）。</p> 
<ul><li>在GitHub上，可以任意Fork开源仓库；</li><li>自己拥有Fork后的仓库的读写权限；</li><li>可以推送pull request给官方仓库来贡献代码。</li></ul> 
<h3><a name="t25"></a><a name="t25"></a><a id="52__313"></a>5.2 使用码云</h3> 
<p>  国内的Git托管服务—<a href="https://gitee.com/">码云</a>，码云也提供免费的Git仓库，5人以下小团队免费。码云的基本操作和GitHub的操作一致。</p> 
<p>  把本地库关联到远程库：（假设已经有了一个本地库叫“learngit ”）</p> 
<ol><li> <p>首先，在码云上创建一个新的项目，项目名称最好与本地库保持一致 。</p> </li><li> <p>然后，我们在本地库上使用命令<code>git remote add &lt;URL&gt;</code>把它和码云的远程库关联。若这时出现远程库origin已存在的错误，则应该先删除远程库：<code>git remote rm origin</code></p> </li><li> <p>这时载再关联码云的远程库即可成功，可用<code>git remote -v</code>查看，这时就可以通过<code>git push</code>命令把本地库推送到Gitee上。</p> </li><li> <p>一个本地库能既关联GitHub，又关联码云（注：git给远程库起的默认名称是<code>origin</code>） ：</p> 
  <ul><li> <p>先删除已关联的名为<code>origin</code>的远程库：<code>git remote rm origin</code></p> </li><li> <p><code>git remote add github git@github.com:michaelliao/learngit.git</code></p> </li><li> <p><code>git remote add gitee git@gitee.com:liaoxuefeng/learngit.git</code></p> <p>注意此时远程库的名称叫<code>gitee</code>，不叫<code>origin</code> ，可用<code>git remote -v</code>查看。</p> </li><li> <p>此时推送的命令变为：<code>git push github master</code>和<code>git push gitee master</code></p> </li></ul> </li></ol> 
<h2><a name="t26"></a><a name="t26"></a><a id="6_Git_341"></a>6 自定义Git</h2> 
<p>  自定义Git包括三节：1.忽略特殊文件 2.配置别名 3. 搭建Git服务器。其中，其中忽略特殊文件较为常用，这里不再赘述，直接浏览[廖神网站][https://www.liaoxuefeng.com/wiki/0013739516305929606dd18361248578c67b8067c8c017b000/00137621280731812dec22ecc9b44f4b2ca1c680f181a5b000]即可。</p> 
<h2><a name="t27"></a><a name="t27"></a><a id="_348"></a>常见问题及解决办法</h2> 
<ul><li> <p>每次push，pull都需要密码</p> 
  <blockquote> 
   <p>// 这个命令则是在你的本地生成一个账号密码的本子似的东东，这样就不用每次都输入了（但是还得输入一次）</p> 
   <p>git config --global credential.helper store</p> 
   <p>// 这个指令对于windows，linux都是通用的，可以通过以下命令查看</p> 
   <p>cat ~/.git-credentials</p> 
  </blockquote> </li></ul> 
<h2><a name="t28"></a><a name="t28"></a><a id="_370"></a>链接</h2>
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				<div class="desc ellipsis-online ellipsis-online-1">1.<em>Git</em>简介<em>Git</em>是目前世界上最先进的分布式版本控制系统，在处理各种项目时都十分高效，而且非常的高大上。SVN是集中式版本控制系统，版本库是集中放在中央服务器的，而干活的时候，用的都是自己的电脑，所以首先要从中央服务器哪里得到最新的版本，然后干活，干完后，需要把自己做完的活推送到中央服务器。而且集中式版本控制系统是必须联网才能工作。<em>Git</em>是分布式版本控制系统，它就没有中央服务器的，每个人的电脑就...</div>
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				<div class="desc ellipsis-online ellipsis-online-1">安装<em>Git</em>

<em>Git</em>的下载地址：<em>Git</em>官网下载地址



<em>Git</em>本地仓库和命令



配置用户

下载完<em>Git</em>后，右键会有一个<em>Git</em> Bash here的选项，点击后会弹出一个类似于命令行的窗口： 


在此输入此命令配置用户名和邮箱：

$ <em>git</em> config --global user.name &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;quot;Your Name&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;quot;
$ <em>git</em> config --global user.email &amp;</div>
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<em>Git</em>使用<em>总结</em> <em>Git</em>介绍 <em>Git</em>安装 Win版本安装 Linux版本安装 yum命令安装方式 ...</div>                    </a>                  </div>                </div>              </div>
		
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1.集中式vs分布式

笔者之前使用过非常多的版本控制工...</div>
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				<div class="desc ellipsis-online ellipsis-online-1"><em>Git</em><em>笔记</em>（一）第一步，安装<em>Git</em>开始<em>学习</em>创建版本库
第一步，安装<em>Git</em>
<em>Git</em>安装包在这里下载（官网下载比较慢，不知为何）
或者某盘下载也可以，地址如下（版本为2.22.0 x64 windows）：
https://pan.baidu.com/s/14ZYlIOXC7C1eCcT7t4KxKQ
提取码：

cd54

安装流程比较简单，傻瓜式的next即可。
开始<em>学习</em>
Tip1
创建版本库
创...</div>
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                <a class="title text-truncate" target="_blank" href="https://blog.csdn.net/ft_sunshine/article/details/52678815#comments_17120449" data-report-click="{&quot;mod&quot;:&quot;popu_542&quot;,&quot;spm&quot;:&quot;1001.2101.3001.4231&quot;,&quot;dest&quot;:&quot;https://blog.csdn.net/ft_sunshine/article/details/52678815#comments_17120449&quot;,&quot;ab&quot;:&quot;new&quot;}">Android项目开发—2048小游戏</a>
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                    <a href="https://blog.csdn.net/m0_57870607" class="user-name" target="_blank">m0_57870607: </a>
                    <span class="code-comments">源码链接失效了</span>
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                <a class="title text-truncate" target="_blank" href="https://blog.csdn.net/ft_sunshine/article/details/90221691#comments_17110678" data-report-click="{&quot;mod&quot;:&quot;popu_542&quot;,&quot;spm&quot;:&quot;1001.2101.3001.4231&quot;,&quot;dest&quot;:&quot;https://blog.csdn.net/ft_sunshine/article/details/90221691#comments_17110678&quot;,&quot;ab&quot;:&quot;new&quot;}">“反向传播算法”过程及公式推导（超直观好懂的Backpropagation）</a>
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                    <a href="https://blog.csdn.net/m0_58017212" class="user-name" target="_blank">m0_58017212: </a>
                    <span class="code-comments">比如说那个f对w求偏导数，那个公式中的x怎么处理，因为x是一个大的样本</span>
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                <a class="title text-truncate" target="_blank" href="https://blog.csdn.net/ft_sunshine/article/details/90221691#comments_17110594" data-report-click="{&quot;mod&quot;:&quot;popu_542&quot;,&quot;spm&quot;:&quot;1001.2101.3001.4231&quot;,&quot;dest&quot;:&quot;https://blog.csdn.net/ft_sunshine/article/details/90221691#comments_17110594&quot;,&quot;ab&quot;:&quot;new&quot;}">“反向传播算法”过程及公式推导（超直观好懂的Backpropagation）</a>
                <p class="comment ellipsis">
                    <a href="https://blog.csdn.net/m0_58017212" class="user-name" target="_blank">m0_58017212: </a>
                    <span class="code-comments">多样本该如何处理啊</span>
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                <a class="title text-truncate" target="_blank" href="https://blog.csdn.net/ft_sunshine/article/details/90221691#comments_17110588" data-report-click="{&quot;mod&quot;:&quot;popu_542&quot;,&quot;spm&quot;:&quot;1001.2101.3001.4231&quot;,&quot;dest&quot;:&quot;https://blog.csdn.net/ft_sunshine/article/details/90221691#comments_17110588&quot;,&quot;ab&quot;:&quot;new&quot;}">“反向传播算法”过程及公式推导（超直观好懂的Backpropagation）</a>
                <p class="comment ellipsis">
                    <a href="https://blog.csdn.net/m0_58017212" class="user-name" target="_blank">m0_58017212: </a>
                    <span class="code-comments">这些好像都是一个样本的情况</span>
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                <a class="title text-truncate" target="_blank" href="https://blog.csdn.net/ft_sunshine/article/details/90221691#comments_17076187" data-report-click="{&quot;mod&quot;:&quot;popu_542&quot;,&quot;spm&quot;:&quot;1001.2101.3001.4231&quot;,&quot;dest&quot;:&quot;https://blog.csdn.net/ft_sunshine/article/details/90221691#comments_17076187&quot;,&quot;ab&quot;:&quot;new&quot;}">“反向传播算法”过程及公式推导（超直观好懂的Backpropagation）</a>
                <p class="comment ellipsis">
                    <a href="https://blog.csdn.net/qing_rong_li" class="user-name" target="_blank">ndcy: </a>
                    <span class="code-comments">看的case2，case1看不下去<img src="./Git学习笔记（超详细入门总结教程）_aift的专栏-CSDN博客_git笔记_files/010.png" alt="表情包">，怎么说，算是对反向传播有点了解了吧，感谢博主分享~</span>
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                            <div class="toc-box"><ol><li class=""><a href="https://blog.csdn.net/ft_sunshine/article/details/87010772#t0">Git学习笔记（超详细入门总结教程）</a></li><li class="sub-box"><ol><li class="active"><a href="https://blog.csdn.net/ft_sunshine/article/details/87010772#t1">文章目录</a></li></ol></li><li class=""><a href="https://blog.csdn.net/ft_sunshine/article/details/87010772#t2">1 版本库与文件操作</a></li><li class="sub-box"><ol><li class=""><a href="https://blog.csdn.net/ft_sunshine/article/details/87010772#t3">1.1 创建版本库</a></li><li class=""><a href="https://blog.csdn.net/ft_sunshine/article/details/87010772#t4">1.2 添加文件到Git仓库</a></li><li class=""><a href="https://blog.csdn.net/ft_sunshine/article/details/87010772#t5">1.3 版本回退</a></li><li class=""><a href="https://blog.csdn.net/ft_sunshine/article/details/87010772#t6">1.4 工作区和暂存区</a></li><li class=""><a href="https://blog.csdn.net/ft_sunshine/article/details/87010772#t7">1.5 撤销修改</a></li><li class=""><a href="https://blog.csdn.net/ft_sunshine/article/details/87010772#t8">1.6 删除文件</a></li></ol></li><li class=""><a href="https://blog.csdn.net/ft_sunshine/article/details/87010772#t9">2 远程仓库</a></li><li class="sub-box"><ol><li class=""><a href="https://blog.csdn.net/ft_sunshine/article/details/87010772#t10">2.1 添加远程库</a></li><li class=""><a href="https://blog.csdn.net/ft_sunshine/article/details/87010772#t11">2.2 从远程库克隆</a></li></ol></li><li class=""><a href="https://blog.csdn.net/ft_sunshine/article/details/87010772#t12">3 分支管理</a></li><li class="sub-box"><ol><li class=""><a href="https://blog.csdn.net/ft_sunshine/article/details/87010772#t13">3.1 分支与管理</a></li><li class=""><a href="https://blog.csdn.net/ft_sunshine/article/details/87010772#t14">3.2 解决冲突</a></li><li class=""><a href="https://blog.csdn.net/ft_sunshine/article/details/87010772#t15">3.3 分支管理策略</a></li><li class=""><a href="https://blog.csdn.net/ft_sunshine/article/details/87010772#t16">3.4 Bug分支</a></li><li class=""><a href="https://blog.csdn.net/ft_sunshine/article/details/87010772#t17">3.5 强制删除</a></li><li class=""><a href="https://blog.csdn.net/ft_sunshine/article/details/87010772#t18">3.6 多人协作</a></li><li class=""><a href="https://blog.csdn.net/ft_sunshine/article/details/87010772#t19">3.7 Rebase</a></li></ol></li><li class=""><a href="https://blog.csdn.net/ft_sunshine/article/details/87010772#t20">4 标签管理</a></li><li class="sub-box"><ol><li class=""><a href="https://blog.csdn.net/ft_sunshine/article/details/87010772#t21">4.1 创建标签</a></li><li class=""><a href="https://blog.csdn.net/ft_sunshine/article/details/87010772#t22">4.2 操作标签</a></li></ol></li><li class=""><a href="https://blog.csdn.net/ft_sunshine/article/details/87010772#t23">5 远程仓库的使用</a></li><li class="sub-box"><ol><li class=""><a href="https://blog.csdn.net/ft_sunshine/article/details/87010772#t24">5.1 使用GitHub</a></li><li class=""><a href="https://blog.csdn.net/ft_sunshine/article/details/87010772#t25">5.2 使用码云</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="https://blog.csdn.net/ft_sunshine/article/details/87010772#t26">6 自定义Git</a></li><li><a href="https://blog.csdn.net/ft_sunshine/article/details/87010772#t27">常见问题及解决办法</a></li><li><a href="https://blog.csdn.net/ft_sunshine/article/details/87010772#t28">链接</a></li></ol></div>
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